Risk of infection is highly dependent on diet, and the infection has been detected in Burmese refugees the greatest number of cases in U. Diagnosis can be challenging, since these tests are not sensitive. Serologic testing is available outside the United States. Generally, when Clonorchis infection is suspected, an expert should be consulted. Malaria is prevalent in Myanmar, with the most common species being P.
Refugee camps are situated in Thailand along the border with Myanmar, and there is frequent travel between the two countries. Although malaria in Thailand is unusual, this cross-border travel and the proximity to Myanmar creates an opportunity for acute clinical cases of malaria in Burmese refugees residing in these camps.
There is no sustained malaria transmission in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Refugees originating from Malaysia Kuala Lumpur are not at risk of acute malaria. However, most Burmese refugees who have resided in Myanmar have had exposure to areas of P. This infection may reactivate following immigration to the United States.
At present, the presumptive antimalarial treatment program for refugee populations at high risk of malaria prior to immigration to the United States is only in effect in sub-Saharan Africa.
At this time, malaria prevalence rates in Burmese refugees in Thailand are not substantial enough to warrant presumptive treatment in this population.
Refugees with P. In addition, common medications used to treat acute malaria do not treat the dormant liver phase of P. The clinician should be aware that clinical malaria may occur in Burmese refugees, with those originating in Thailand at highest risk. In addition, it should be noted that P.
Any patient with clinical signs and symptoms of malaria should be tested for infection. The CDC provides clinical consultation support for providers seeking information on the diagnosis and management of malaria. There are limited data available on rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea in Burmese refugees.
All cases of chlamydia occurred in persons aged years of age. No data have been published or identified regarding rates of chlamydia or gonorrhea in Burmese refugees originating in Malaysia. Prevalence in Burmese refugees arriving from Malaysia may differ from those originating from Thailand because, for example, Malaysian refugees largely live in urban centers while those from Thailand residing in refugee camps, often in rural areas.
Table 1. It is currently recommended that all refugees be screened for HIV following arrival in the United States. Unpublished data from Texas showed that 1. Given that early identification and treatment of infection reduces morbidity and mortality and decreases transmission, it remains imperative that refugees receive post-arrival HIV screening.
The current Refugee Domestic Screening for Guidance for Sexual and Reproductive Health note that repeat testing is not necessary when overseas documentation is available. In children younger than 15 years or age, testing should be performed on those who are at risk i.
Persons with chronic hepatitis B virus HBV infection are at risk for developing chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as extrahepatic manifestations such as glomerulonephritis. Prevalence in Karen Burmese refugees originating from Thailand and arriving in Australia was similar at 9.
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus HCV may also lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The current recommendations for screening for HCV infection in the United States include routine screening of those born between and , and screening of persons with known risk factors for HCV infection such as patients with history of injection drug use, HIV-positive patients, patients who received blood products prior to migration, children of parents with known hepatitis C.
Data on HCV infection rates in refugees are limited, and, currently, the CDC domestic screening guidelines recommend that refugees be screened according to existing CDC guidelines for the United States population.
The highest prevalence of HCV infection was among those aged years Table 2. Screening data from Texas over the same time period identified a 2.
Since Minnesota and Texas do not routinely screen all refugees and instead focus on those in higher-risk groups, these rates may be inaccurately elevated since clinicians are more likely to test those at increased risk for infection. A majority of cases occurred among those aged years. These data indicate that routine screening should be done in arriving refugees born between and , as well as those with known risk factors.
Table 2. Non-communicable diseases are understudied and poorly documented among the Burmese. Risk factors for EBLL among refugees resettled to the United States include: living in older homes with lead hazards; cultural practices involving traditional medicines; compromised nutritional status; and, lack of education about lead poisoning Refugees from Myanmar are susceptible to acute and severe undernutrition, presenting as marasmus and kwashiorkor, as well as cachexia, chronic undernutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies 5.
Burmese refugees being resettled to the United States are likely to have some level of mental health problems. Within Myanmar, many are subjected to torture by the Burmese Army, including: forced labor; stress positions; beatings; burning; sexual assault, rape; electric shock; sleep deprivation; and, solitary confinement 2. Alcoholism also may be common among resettled Burmese refugees, especially men Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link.
Immigrant, Refugee, and Migrant Health. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Burmese Refugee Health Profile. Minus Related Pages.
On This Page. Figure 1: Location of Myanmar, Thailand, and Malaysia. Cultural Approach to Healthcare Compared to American culture, the Burmese are considerably more collectively oriented and less direct in communication 3. Additional Resources For more information about the orientation, resettlement, and adjustment of Burmese refugees visit the Cultural Orientation Resource Center external icon.
Top of Page. Close Source: U. The remaining 40, refugees resettled to 39 other states. Malnutrition In Burmese refugee camps in Thailand, an average of 2.
Before the coup, Thu and her family in Myanmar would talk every day. The constant communication was a source of comfort for her as she pursued her studies. Her father, a singer in Myanmar, used his platform to speak out against the coup. He has been in hiding since the military put out a warrant for his arrest several weeks ago and surrounded their family home one night around 11, Thu said. Some days, Ethan Myint feels so overwhelmed by the coup that he has to disconnect himself from news about Myanmar that pours through social media and group chats and other sources.
At times, he said, the anxiety is crippling. At the start of the coup, social media from inside Myanmar brought updates on arrests, deaths and crackdowns. Lin Tun, 22, feels as though Myanmar and the Burmese diaspora garner less attention from the international community and mainstream media than other ethnic groups with better-known struggles, such as Armenian Americans, who have fought for decades for recognition of the Armenian genocide at the hands of the Ottoman Turks during World War I.
We have been wondering how can we fix it. Jonathan Liljeblad, a researcher at Australian National University, said one reason the diaspora in the U. There is also a split along generational lines when it comes to deciding the best way to make other Americans aware of the unrest, he added. The community is working together despite that, he said. But he noted that different generations of activists have not only different tactics but different goals.
Her brother, an author who owns a publishing company and is actively protesting the coup, is in hiding, Maung said. We are fortunate enough to do that here and raise awareness where they cannot. Explore fact sheets on other Asian groups in the U. Read the methodology. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world.
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